Simian t-cell lymphotropic virus

HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are known to be transmitted by sexual contact, breast-feeding, and exposure to contaminated blood or blood products through transfusion and injection drug use 11 — Switzer et al. Studies have shown that the diversity of HTLV is directly related to the genetic diversity of the STLVs from which the primary zoonotic infection originated 5 , Together, this clustering by geography rather than host species suggests the ease with which STLVs are transmitted among NHPs and possibly to humans 2 , 3 , 5 , 22 , We used a hunter-based field surveillance approach to investigate STLV diversity among primate bushmeat samples collected from 12 NHP species in different locations in Cameroon.

In addition, we examined the utility of using dried blood spots DBS in the field for surveillance of cross-species transmission of retroviruses. Hunters were educated about the risks associated with direct contact with NHPs and about appropriate prevention measures.

Preliminary identification of hunted species was undertaken by using pictographs of NHPs common in the region Over 2 years, a total of DBS from hunted NHPs were collected on Whatman filter paper Kent, UK , air dried, and stored locally at room temperature in envelopes with dessicant until processed. DNA preparation and PCR assays were performed in different laboratories specifically outfitted for processing and testing of NHP samples only, according to established precautions to prevent contamination.

Specimens were coded by using a strategy previously described Distribution of primate T-lymphotropic viruses identified in humans and nonhuman primates from rural villages and forests in southern Cameroon. Colored circles and diamonds correspond to human HTLVs and simian T-lymphotropic viruses STLVs subtypes , respectively, found at each study site in the current study and reported previously 7.

Shaded triangles indicate approximate sampling sites where STLV-3—like strains have been reported by others 9. The 4 locations where Old World monkey and prosimian species were sampled in this study are boxed in white. NHPs are coded as follows: the first letter of the genus is followed by the first 2 letters of the species name, e.

The last 2 letters in the code indicate the study site, e. Nonhuman primates are coded as follows: the first letter of the genus is followed by the first 2 letters of the species name: Cmo, Cercopithecus mona ; Cni, C.

The last 2 letters in the code indicate the study site: AB, Abat. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed according to methods previously described We observed a broad range of PTLV diversity over a wide geographic distribution.

Phylogenetic analysis of the short tax sequences from these 12 samples showed that 7 NHPs 2 Cercocebus agilis and 5 C. Nonhuman primates are coded as follows: the first letter of the genus is followed by the first 2 letters of the species name: Cag, C. New sequences from nonhuman primates NHPs from Cameroon in this study are in boldface. Branch lengths are proportional to the evolutionary distance scale bar between the taxa.

Nonhuman primates are coded as follows: the first letter of the genus is followed by the first 2 letters of the species name: Cmo, Cercopithecus mona; Cni, Cercopithecus nictitans; Cto, Cercocebus torquatus ; Ppa, Papio papio ; Ph, Papio hamadryas ; Tge, Theropithecus gelada. BLAST analysis www. Boldface indicates intersubgroup identities; shading indicates intrasubgroup identities. Nonhuman primates are coded as follows: the first letter of the genus is followed by the first 2 letters of the species name: Cmo, Cercopithecus mona; Cni, C.

Identification of a novel primate T-lymphotropic virus PTLV —3 subtype by phylogenetic inference of bp tax sequences with PTLV prototypes and partial sequences from 3 Cercopithecus nictitans Cni, Cni, and Cni reported elsewhere 9 , 21 and those identified in the current study in boldface. See Figure 2 legend for abbreviations. Both tax sequences were nearly identical Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences also confirmed the Cercopithecus species of each monkey and the absence of admixtures of specimens from different NHP species.

Bovine leukemia virus BLV tax sequences were used as an outgroup in the maximum-likelihood analysis. New sequences from this study are in boldface. BLV, bovine leukemia virus.

See Figure 2 legend for additional abbreviations. The phylogeographic clustering of these sequences supports further the proposed subtype classification of STLV-3 by geographic origin rather than by host species 17 , 19 , 20 , 25 , In contrast, the bp LTR sequence from L. Similar to the phylogenetic relationships inferred with the small tax sequences, the LTR sequence from L. Shaded triangles indicate approximate sampling sites where STLV-3—like strains have been reported by others 9.

The 4 locations where Old World monkey and prosimian species were sampled in this study are boxed in white. Section Navigation. Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Syndicate. Sintasath, Nathan D. Carr, Thomas M. Burke 2 , Walid Heneine, and William M. Sintasath, D. Wolfe, U. LeBreton, J. Diffo, U. Tamoufe, E. Jia, A. Continuously growing T cell lines were established from two baboons, animals and Overlapping peptides corresponding to each unique Tax sequence and to the reference baboon Tax sequence were used to analyze recognition by T cells from each baboon using intracellular cytokine staining ICS.

Individual baboons expressed more gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha in response to Tax peptides corresponding to their own STLV-1 sequence than in response to Tax peptides corresponding to the reference baboon STLV-1 sequence.

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